Complete Genome of Cynomolgus Monkey and Novel Gene Expression Microarray for Drug Safety Assessment

The cynomolgus macaque is one of the most important and widely used non-human primate animal models in basic and applied biomedical research. Compared to other species, non-human primates have a closer evolutionary relationship to humans and exhibit high physiological similarity well suited to serve as translational models for preclinical drug safety assessment.

To improve the predictive power of primate experiments for humans, Prof. Ulrich Certa, Global Head Molecular Toxicology, and his team first applied a shotgun sequencing strategy using the Genome Sequencer FLX System from Roche’s 454 Life Sciences division in combination with other next generation sequencing technologies to decode the entire genome of a Macaca fascicularis female of Mauritian origin with 6-fold coverage. In addition, roughly two million potential single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were discovered which, for the first time, will allow high-resolution genotyping of individuals in this species.

Using a combination of sequence alignment and exon size conservation, more than 20,000 transcripts in the cynomolgus monkey genome were predicted and used to build a M. fascicularis-specific gene expression microarray on the Roche NimbleGen 12x135K platform, in less than two months enabling comprehensive yet economical transcriptome analysis. The 12-plex expression array format contains 135,000 oligonucleotide features per array with six 60-mer probes interrogating each transcript with more probe space available for either including additional targets of M. fascicularis or other custom desired content.

The comparative expression analysis of liver samples from 36 animals of different geographic origin resulted in the identification of over 700 genes with highly variable expression while the majority of the transcriptome showed relatively stable expression with low inter-animal variation. Interestingly enough, considerable inter-individual as well as inter-species variability was found in gene expression levels of a number of drug safety and response related genes. Variation in gene expression among individuals can be critical for the interpretation of drug safety data and genome-wide gene expression profiling can now be used to improve drug safety studies and discover the mode of action of novel drugs in a relevant animal model.

“The flexibility and accuracy of the NimbleGen expression microarray platform allowed us to develop a novel microarray based on our genome sequencing effort. For the first time, gene expression can be monitored with high-specificity in this animal model to answer mechanistic or safety related questions based on transcriptional responses. Furthermore, we plan to design additional arrays for copy-number-variation and SNP analysis on the NimbleGen array platform. These combined efforts will hopefully improve the translational value of non-human primate experiments for humans. As in humans, it might become possible in the future to discover polymorphisms in drug-response genes that differentiate poor and good metabolizers for instance” explained Prof. Ulrich Certa, principle lead of the project.

“The knowledge we obtained from the cynomolgus genome and gene expression profiling using NimbleGen microarrays is an important contribution towards the better use of this species as a drug safety model for the assessment of novel human drugs. In particular, the published research data represents a significant contribution to the global “3R” animal welfare initiative, which has the goal to reduce, refine and replace animal experiments” stated Thomas Singer, Global Head of Non Clinical Safety Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED).

Reference
Ebeling et al. Genome-based analysis of the nonhuman primate Macaca fascicularis as a model for drug safety assessment. (2011) Genome Research. Published in Advance Aug 23, 2011. doi:10.1101/gr.123117.111