Cytheris’ Study Shows Combination of Interleukin-7 with Viral Vaccine Boosts Immunity to Tumors
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Cytheris SA has announced publication of data showing that following a vaccine-induced immune response, adjuvant interleukin-7 (IL-7) improves anti-tumor responses and survival in an animal model. The study was conducted by an international team of researchers at the Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.
The paper entitled "Adjuvant IL-7 antagonizes multiple cellular and molecular inhibitory networks to enhance immunotherapies" is published in Nature Medicine.
"Studies such as the one described in this paper provide tantalizing evidence for the potential of immunotherapies to marshal the body's own defenses in treating cancer," said Michel Morre, DVM, President and CEO of Cytheris. "By augmenting and sustaining the vaccine-induced anti-tumor response described in this paper, IL-7 enhances tumor-specific immunity and harnesses the response to directly target spontaneously arising tumors. Most importantly, the resulting immune-mediated anti-tumor effect profoundly improves survival."
Considerable effort has been expended in the scientific community to induce anti-tumor immunity with various vaccine strategies. Despite much enthusiasm and optimism, numerous trials have shown minimal efficacy. This highlights the need for new approaches to augment anti-tumor immunity in vivo.
To investigate the effectiveness of exogenous recombinant human IL-7 in sustaining a primary in vivo response, the investigators treated lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)-vaccinated tumor-bearing RIP (GP x TAG2) mice with IL-7 or with a buffer for 14 days. Treatment was initiated 8 days after LCMV infection, coinciding with the peak of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response, viral elimination and the onset of the contraction phase.
Mice receiving IL-7 tended to have a faster onset and more pronounced level of euglycemia or mild hyperglycemia than the buffer-treated control mice; this was most obvious at late time points, suggesting an enhanced anti-tumor response.
Survival of IL-7-treated mice was prolonged by over 100 days compared to control mice. This profound increase in survival was dependent on efficient vaccination and the expression of glycoprotein (GP) on the tumor. Histology revealed that tumors from IL-7-treated mice were heavily infiltrated with both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells compared to buffer-treated mice, who consistently had larger tumors. The enhanced tumor immune response directly correlated with a significant accumulation and persistence of GP-specific T cells at the tumor site.
The study also explored whether the effects of IL-7 in the LCMV vaccination model are applicable to other vaccines and clinically relevant approaches. The investigators found that adjuvant IL-7 potently enhanced anti-tumor immune responses initiated by dendritic cell (DC) vaccination or vaccinia virus immunization in mice with spontaneous pancreatic tumors.
In vitro-differentiated and matured DCs pulsed with GP33, GP276 and GP61 were transferred into RIP (GP x TAG2) tumor-bearing mice. IL-7 was administered at the time of transfer and continued daily for 2 weeks, at which time mice were analyzed for anti-tumor immune responses.
Mice receiving DC vaccination together with IL-7 showed an enhanced anti-tumor response. Similarly, RIP (GP x TAG2) tumor-bearing mice immunized with recombinant vaccinia virus expressing LCMV GP and treated concurrently with IL-7 for 2 weeks had a pronounced anti-tumor response compared to buffer-treated mice. These data underscore the potential clinical relevance and impact of IL-7 therapy in promoting efficacy using various protocols.
To rationally use IL-7 as a therapeutic tool and maximize its efficacy, a thorough understanding of the cellular and molecular networks affected by this cytokine in the relevant pathological settings is essential. This study shows that IL-7 combined with vaccination has functions beyond its simple survival- and proliferation-promoting roles.
Effector cells isolated from IL-7-treated mice showed enhanced functional activity at the single-cell level. Importantly, following IL-7 treatment CTLs acquire a more pathogenic phenotype with higher expression of granzyme B, faster and amplified degranulation kinetics, and more effective cytolytic activity.
IL-7 also affected CD4+ T cells in the spontaneous tumor model, causing an 18-fold increase in the number of IL-17-secreting CD4+ effector cells, indicating a strong skewing toward TH17 differentiation.
Furthermore, in comparison with heterologous models based on grafted tumors, the experimental model using transgenic animals described in this paper is especially compelling because it is based on the cure of spontaneously produced tumors expressing self antigens for the mice and thus closely mimics the human disease condition.
Finally, the investigators found that the effect of IL-7 on anti-tumor immune responses was dependent on efficient vaccination, a major issue that stresses the need for optimal vaccination strategies to translate IL-7-based therapy to human cancers and chronic infections.
The paper entitled "Adjuvant IL-7 antagonizes multiple cellular and molecular inhibitory networks to enhance immunotherapies" is published in Nature Medicine.
"Studies such as the one described in this paper provide tantalizing evidence for the potential of immunotherapies to marshal the body's own defenses in treating cancer," said Michel Morre, DVM, President and CEO of Cytheris. "By augmenting and sustaining the vaccine-induced anti-tumor response described in this paper, IL-7 enhances tumor-specific immunity and harnesses the response to directly target spontaneously arising tumors. Most importantly, the resulting immune-mediated anti-tumor effect profoundly improves survival."
Considerable effort has been expended in the scientific community to induce anti-tumor immunity with various vaccine strategies. Despite much enthusiasm and optimism, numerous trials have shown minimal efficacy. This highlights the need for new approaches to augment anti-tumor immunity in vivo.
To investigate the effectiveness of exogenous recombinant human IL-7 in sustaining a primary in vivo response, the investigators treated lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)-vaccinated tumor-bearing RIP (GP x TAG2) mice with IL-7 or with a buffer for 14 days. Treatment was initiated 8 days after LCMV infection, coinciding with the peak of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response, viral elimination and the onset of the contraction phase.
Mice receiving IL-7 tended to have a faster onset and more pronounced level of euglycemia or mild hyperglycemia than the buffer-treated control mice; this was most obvious at late time points, suggesting an enhanced anti-tumor response.
Survival of IL-7-treated mice was prolonged by over 100 days compared to control mice. This profound increase in survival was dependent on efficient vaccination and the expression of glycoprotein (GP) on the tumor. Histology revealed that tumors from IL-7-treated mice were heavily infiltrated with both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells compared to buffer-treated mice, who consistently had larger tumors. The enhanced tumor immune response directly correlated with a significant accumulation and persistence of GP-specific T cells at the tumor site.
The study also explored whether the effects of IL-7 in the LCMV vaccination model are applicable to other vaccines and clinically relevant approaches. The investigators found that adjuvant IL-7 potently enhanced anti-tumor immune responses initiated by dendritic cell (DC) vaccination or vaccinia virus immunization in mice with spontaneous pancreatic tumors.
In vitro-differentiated and matured DCs pulsed with GP33, GP276 and GP61 were transferred into RIP (GP x TAG2) tumor-bearing mice. IL-7 was administered at the time of transfer and continued daily for 2 weeks, at which time mice were analyzed for anti-tumor immune responses.
Mice receiving DC vaccination together with IL-7 showed an enhanced anti-tumor response. Similarly, RIP (GP x TAG2) tumor-bearing mice immunized with recombinant vaccinia virus expressing LCMV GP and treated concurrently with IL-7 for 2 weeks had a pronounced anti-tumor response compared to buffer-treated mice. These data underscore the potential clinical relevance and impact of IL-7 therapy in promoting efficacy using various protocols.
To rationally use IL-7 as a therapeutic tool and maximize its efficacy, a thorough understanding of the cellular and molecular networks affected by this cytokine in the relevant pathological settings is essential. This study shows that IL-7 combined with vaccination has functions beyond its simple survival- and proliferation-promoting roles.
Effector cells isolated from IL-7-treated mice showed enhanced functional activity at the single-cell level. Importantly, following IL-7 treatment CTLs acquire a more pathogenic phenotype with higher expression of granzyme B, faster and amplified degranulation kinetics, and more effective cytolytic activity.
IL-7 also affected CD4+ T cells in the spontaneous tumor model, causing an 18-fold increase in the number of IL-17-secreting CD4+ effector cells, indicating a strong skewing toward TH17 differentiation.
Furthermore, in comparison with heterologous models based on grafted tumors, the experimental model using transgenic animals described in this paper is especially compelling because it is based on the cure of spontaneously produced tumors expressing self antigens for the mice and thus closely mimics the human disease condition.
Finally, the investigators found that the effect of IL-7 on anti-tumor immune responses was dependent on efficient vaccination, a major issue that stresses the need for optimal vaccination strategies to translate IL-7-based therapy to human cancers and chronic infections.
