Vaccine for Common Childhood Infection May Finally be Possible

After fifty years of failed attempts around the world, a vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a major cause of respiratory disease, may now be within sight. The vaccine was conceived and initially tested in animals by a team of scientists at Italian biotechnology firm Okairos (now Reithera Srl), working with the UK’s Pirbright Institute. 

RSV kills around 200,000 people worldwide each year. Both the elderly and infants are especially vulnerable to developing severe disease with RSV. Two-thirds of babies are infected with RSV before their first birthday and in winter the virus causes annual epidemics resulting in up to 15 out of every 100 admissions to children’s wards. In the world’s poorer areas, RSV is second only to malaria as a killer of children aged under 12 months.

Oxford University's Professor Andrew Pollard leads the Oxford Vaccine Group, which led the clinical trial of the vaccine. He said: 'RSV causes a lot of emergency admissions, especially in babies, and there is currently no way to prevent it. That means it is a priority for vaccine development.'

Dr Christopher Green, the lead physician for the trial, added: 'The results of this trial are a positive signal that prevention of RSV is achievable and follows years of RSV vaccine research at Oxford University and by vaccine manufacturers. The important results of this trial should be dedicated to the members of the public who were willing to be the first to receive the vaccines.'

The Oxford Vaccine Group, working with Reithera Srl, developed what is known as a 'prime-boost viral-vectored' RSV vaccine. The vaccine has two components: the first vaccine primes the immune system, while the second vaccine boosts it. Each component was created by modifying other viruses to carry proteins from RSV. These viral vectors are adapted so that the carrier virus (the vector) cannot replicate to cause disease, and the RSV element, while it triggers an immune response, cannot cause an RSV infection either.

The vectors were a chimpanzee adenovirus called PanAd3, never used in humans before, and a pox virus called modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA). Similar chimpanzee adenovirus vectors and MVA had already been tested as other viral vectored vaccines for other infectious diseases, including the new Ebola vaccines, and have been found to be safe.

This initial trial checked whether the vaccine was safe and immunogenic – whether it caused an immune response. Forty-two healthy adult volunteers received the two components with varying intervals between each element. While the boost component was given as an injection, half of the volunteers received the prime element as an injection and half as a nasal spray.

Professor Pollard said: 'Both components of the vaccine were found to be safe and to create an immune response.

'While I am delighted with these results, this was just a first trial. We need this vaccine for children and the elderly and that is where the efforts in vaccine development will now focus.'

RSV and respiratory disease: RSV is a major cause of bronchiolitis, where the smallest airways in the lungs (the bronchioles) become inflamed. The inflammation reduces the amount of air entering the lungs, making it more difficult to breathe. In the UK, most cases improve within two to three weeks without specific treatment. However, some children have severe symptoms and need treatment in hospital.

Bronchiolitis causes around 18% of winter-time admissions to paediatric wards. In around 80% of those admitted, RSV will be the cause of the disease.