Ant Behavior Inspires Autonomous Material Assembly Research

The survival strategies employed by one of the most aggressive, territorial and venomous ant species may pave the way to revolutionize robotics, medicine and engineering.

Fire ants survive floods by temporarily interlinking their legs to create a raft-like structure, allowing them to float collectively to safety as a unified colony and then releasing to resume their individual forms.

Drawing inspiration from this natural process, researchers at Texas A&M University discovered a method that allows synthetic materials to mimic the ants’ autonomous assembly, reconfiguration and disassembly in response to environmental changes such as heat, light or solvents.

Funded by the National Science Foundation, the Army Research Office and the President’s Excellence Fund from Texas A&M, the research was published in Nature Materials.

Researchers utilized shape-changing polymer ribbons that can self-assemble, change their volume, and dissemble as needed by using responsive hydrogels, liquid crystal elastomers, or semicrystalline polymers that can bend or twist.

As an undergraduate student, Dr. Taylor Ware, now an associate professor in the departments of biomedical engineering and materials science and engineering at Texas A&M, became captivated by an article about ants. Already interested in materials and research, his sense of wonder was sparked when Ware discovered that fire ants employ ingenious survival strategies during floods.

“We tend to focus on mimicking the really wonderful things in nature — like butterfly wings. But it's also maybe worth mimicking some of the things that we don't find so interesting in nature, that are still wonderfully useful, like the behaviors of fire ants,” he said. “It's nice to mimic things that are really impressive even if they're not so loved. You can learn a lot from creatures like that.”

This method allows for creating and manipulating structures in challenging environments, like the human body, without invasive procedures. By using responsive hydrogels, liquid crystal elastomers or semicrystalline polymer ribbons that bend and twist, a solid biomaterial can disassemble into a form that moves like a liquid for injection and then reassemble once it’s in place.

“We already have materials that could change in form, but we thought it would be really cool if many individual particles of materials could work together to form structures like ants do,” Ware said. “You can see in nature documentaries that ants form bridges, rafts and other things, but what's also important is they can let go and go back to being an ant. The reversible shape change of the responsive polymers enables similar behavior in purely synthetic systems.”

The article's lead author is Dr. Mustafa Abdelrahman '23, a former doctoral student of Ware who is now a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University. Other collaborators include researchers from Dr. Akhilesh Gaharwar’s group in the biomedical engineering department at Texas A&M, Dr. Carmel Majidi at Carnegie Mellon University and Dr. Franck Vernerey at the University of Colorado in Boulder.

Future applied research projects include using injectable biomaterials to help heal tissue. Still, fundamentally, Ware said the team is interested in mimicking behaviors seen in other animal swarms and understanding what happens if the particles can be made to swim before or during their entanglement.

Reference: Abdelrahman MK, Wagner RJ, Kalairaj MS, et al. Material assembly from collective action of shape-changing polymers. Nat Mater. 2024. doi: 10.1038/s41563-023-01761-4

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