Protein Targeted by Drug Actually Needed by Immune Cells To Fight Cancer

New results from researchers at MedUni Vienna's Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics show that a protein called mTORC2, which is the target of newly developed cancer drugs, is not even active in colorectal cancer. mTORC2 activity was only found in certain immune cells, which actually need this protein to fight cancer cells.

A tumor is not only made up of cancer cells but also contains a large number of different types of immune cells, which normally fight against the cancer cells. However, many tumors have developed strategies to reprogram immune cells so that they actually start to assist tumor growth. In the age of immunotherapy, which is very successful in reactivating the immune system, research into how tumor cells and immune cells interact is of major importance.

mTORC2 assists tumor growth – but not in colorectal cancer

The mTORC2 protein plays an important role in tumorigenesis and is currently the target of a series of new drugs that can successfully inhibit the growth of cancer cells in a test tube. The expectations are therefore high that, in future, mTORC2 inhibitors could be effective in many types of cancer including colorectal cancer. A MedUni Vienna research team has now discovered that mTORC2 is actually not active in colorectal cancer cells but only in certain immune cells, so-called macrophages, which normally fight cancer cells.

Together with their colleagues, the three lead authors, Karl Katholnig, Birgit Schütz and Stephanie Fritsch, as part of Thomas Weichhart’s group, have shown that a high level of mTORC2 activity is important in macrophages to suppress the growth of colorectal cancer in an animal model. Katholnig explains: "When we deactivated mTORC2 specifically in macrophages in an animal model, the growth of the colorectal tumor accelerated in these mice.

Schütz adds: "Surprisingly, an mTORC2 inhibitor also had the same effect in this colorectal cancer model." However, they not only found a correlation in the animal model but also in humans. "We discovered that, in colorectal cancer patients, high mTORC2 activity in macrophages is associated with a favorable course," points out Fritsch. These results indicate that it could be therapeutically useful to maintain mTORC2 activity in colorectal cancer, rather than inhibiting it.

In conclusion, Weichhart explains: "In order to safeguard their own survival, the cancer cells even try to deactivate mTORC2 in macrophages, as soon as these cells penetrate into the tumor mass." The researchers now want to find out how the tumor cells deactivate mTORC2 in macrophages. Can that be prevented, could that be a new immunotherapy approach? In any case, it appears that, in order to have a full understanding of drug efficacy, it is also necessary to consider the immune system and an efficient cancer treatment must also include the immune system.

Reference

Katholnig et al. (2019) Inactivation of mTORC2 in macrophages is a signature of colorectal cancer that promotes tumorigenesis. JCI Insight. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.124164

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