Brain Connectivity Linked to Cognitive Function in Children

In early childhood, growth charts are used to monitor the height, weight and head circumference, serving as a screening tool to identify physical development. During this window of time, between early infancy and childhood, the brain continues to mature and is associated with behavioral developmental milestones. These milestones include improved vision, sensory, language, and executive functions.

Although brain structural developmental characteristics starting from birth and extending to toddlerhood have been widely reported, researchers are seeking to understand the vital importance to chart early brain functional development as a step toward understanding the cognitive ability. The study, led by senior author Weili Lin, PhD, director of the UNC Biomedical Research Imaging Center (BRIC), examines the functional differences in sleep/wake states, developmental charts and associations between brain growth charts and cognition.

For an example, the study highlighted the developmental trajectory of the visual network, which was the only network to show a marked decrease in functional connectivity (FC) after reaching its peak during the first six years of life. Visual functions, such as facial/object recognition and visual attention emerge around 5–7 months. However, at the same time researchers saw a decrease which may reflect the brain specializing in specific visual functions, with different parts of the visual system starting to take on specific roles. The study suggests that stronger brain connections usually reflect overall brain development, while a decrease in connections within specific regions may show that the brain is fine-tuning that system for more specialized tasks during early infancy.

Another key finding showed how the subcortical network had a relatively stable and high FC throughout the first 6 years of age. These cognitive functions within the subcortical network include emotion processing, memory formation, reward processing and automatic functions (such as regulating heart rate and blood pressure). The authors note that research has shown that newborns and infants exhibit the ability to respond to emotional stimuli, a response that is partially regulated by subcortical regions. This also shows how FC is high and stable in the subcortical network. Therefore, reflecting early maturation and foundational roles in cognitive and physiological functioning in the first 6 years of life. Lin explains that these potential applications go beyond neurology and pediatrics.

“In particular, the results could be used to delineate deviations of brain functional development from normal population in subjects with potential disorders with neurodevelopmental origins, i.e., ADHD, autism and so on,” said Lin, the Dixie Boney Soo Distinguished Professor of Neurological Medicine in the UNC Department of Radiology.

Lin says this study represents the first step toward establishing normative brain functional developmental charts that can be generalized to the general population. The charts may also provide a sensitive, objective and quantitative means to identify subjects whose brain functional developmental characteristics may deviate from the normative charts, similar to how the head circumference charts are used clinically.

“Importantly, although head circumference charts have been widely used to identify children who may deviate from the normal ranges of head circumferences, it does not provide insights into the underlying neural substrates leading to the observed deviations,” said Lin. “In our case, the charts can shed light on which cognitive domains and/or the interactions between different cognitive domains may be altered.  The information can then be used potentially for patient management and/or guiding interventional approaches.”

Reference: Yin W, Li T, Wu Z, et al. Charting brain functional development from birth to 6 years of age. Nat Hum Behav. 2025. doi: 10.1038/s41562-025-02160-2

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