Retrained Enzyme is Biocatalysis Milestone

TU Graz researchers managed for the first time ever to ‘retrain’ an enzyme to build ring-shaped molecular structures instead of performing its natural task of reducing double bonds. The work was published in Angewandte Chemie, and is relevant for the production of pharmaceuticals and plant protection products.

Biocatalysis uses enzymes to bring about chemical reactions. This kind of ‘soft chemistry’ replaces the use of poisonous reagents or solvents in existing syntheses to a high degree. However, a major challenge in biocatalysis is extending this concept to completely novel chemical reactions so far not accessible to enzymes found in nature. One such new design was created by a team of researchers at TU Graz led by Rolf Breinbauer, head of the Institute of Organic Chemistry, and Kathrin Heckenbichler, who pursued this research in the framework of a doctoral thesis at the Institute of Organic Chemistry.

Breinbauer explains: ‘For the first time, we’ve succeeded in manipulating an enzyme to carry out not its natural function, but rather a much more interesting function in terms of synthesis. Instead of reducing double bonds in a catalytic process, the enzyme now creates molecular structures in the form of small rings. By exchanging only one amino acid in the active centre of the enzyme, we’ve managed to suppress the natural reaction and facilitated a new reaction course.’ 

The team led by Heckenbichler and Breinbauer was able to produce cyclopropanes – extremely small ring-shaped molecules in the shape of a triangle – using biocatalysis. Such ring systems, also called three-ring systems, occur not only in many biomolecules, they are also an important structural element in plant protection products and in pharmaceuticals such as contraceptive pills, drugs used to treat asthma and AIDSmedications. The work has been published in the current issue of Angewandte Chemie.

The good and the bad ‘hand’ of the molecule

Parallel to this, the researchers also managed to master the chirality of the produced molecule, which is of great importance in the production of medications. Chirality, or the ‘handedness’ of molecules, describes how two molecules of the same atom can be structured in a mirror-image way – either right handed or left handed. One variant of these enantiomers can be useful and the other damaging, and great value is placed today on using only the curative variant in the production of medications. This ensures that medications work very specifically and that no undesirable side effects occur due to ‘chiral twins’. Kathrin Heckenbichler explains the process and result of the biocatalytic implementation of the substrate: ‘To enable an optimum chiral recognition between enzyme and substrate, we designed a substrate with a large residue. By doing this we could ideally exploit the spatial conditions in the active centre of the enzyme to produce a cyclopropane in high enantiomeric purity.’ The researchers managed to produce only the desired enantiomer from the two possible chiral three-ringed molecules.

This article has been republished from materials provided by the Graz University of Technology. Note: material may have been edited for length and content. For further information, please contact the cited source.

Reference: Heckenbichler, K., Schweiger, A., Brandner, L. A., Binter, A., Toplak, M., Macheroux, P., … Breinbauer, R. (n.d.). Asymmetric Reductive Carbocyclization Using Engineered Ene Reductases. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 57(24), 7240–7244. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201802962