DNA Variants Explain Over 10% of Inherited Genetic Risk for Heart Disease
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The research, conducted by scientists in the CARDIoGRAMplusC4D consortium, pinpointed 20 previously unidentified mutations during a two-stage meta-analysis of 63,746 patients with CAD, which causes more deaths worldwide than any other disease.
These genetic variants generally were infrequently found in the DNA of the 130,681 individuals without heart disease who were in the control group.
The new mutations have boosted to 47 the total number of DNA variants that have thus far been linked to an increased risk for developing CAD, said Panos Deloukas, Ph.D., who co-led the study and heads the Genetics of Complex Traits in Humans research group at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK.
Scientists had previously estimated that 30 to 60% of the variation in CAD might be attributable to genetic risk factors, according to a study published in 2005*. The research reported at ASHG 2012 expands the number of specific genes that are likely involved.
"We no longer assume that coronary heart disease is triggered by just a handful of genes, each with a strong effect on a person’s risk for the disease,” said Dr. Deloukas. “Our research supports the current assumption that heart disease risk is determined by a large group of genes, each with a modest effect on risk.”
Aravinda Chakravarti, Ph.D., professor of medicine, pediatrics and molecular biology and genetics at Johns Hopkins University’s McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, who was not involved in conducting the study, commented, “Large genetic epidemiological studies, such as the one by CARDIoGRAM, have become critical for defining the specific loci that are major contributors to coronary artery disease. Although the specific genes and their variants that lead to susceptibility need to be discovered the current study is exciting in suggesting lipid levels and inflammation as key biological risk factors. These pathophysiological hypotheses demonstrate that we can understand complex diseases from comprehensive studies."
Identifying the genetic mutations that set the stage for CAD enables researchers to investigate the underlying mechanisms of the disease, which may lead to therapeutic targeting through drugs, Dr. Deloukas said.
Many of the newly identified variations are in genes that operate in biological pathways involved in the body’s metabolism of lipids or fats as well as in inflammation. The build-up of fatty cholesterol-rich plaque in blood vessels, a classic feature of CAD, not only can impair blood circulation but also can unleash the clots that obstruct blood flow to the heart and thereby cause heart attacks.
“Exactly how inflammation plays a role in heart attack remains a topic of ongoing research,” said Dr. Deloukas, adding that the consortium’s findings underscore the roles of high cholesterol levels and inflammation in CAD.
The researchers’ presentation is titled, “Coronary artery disease loci identified in over 190,000 individuals implicate lipid metabolism and inflammation as key causal pathways; evidence for independent signals in many of the risk loci.”
