Gene Yoga: DNA's Complex Functions Are Enabled by Complex Folding

DNA can mimic protein functions by folding into elaborate, three-dimensional structures, according to a study from researchers at Weill Cornell Medicine and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, part of the National Institutes of Health.

In the study, published June 21 in Nature, the researchers used high-resolution imaging techniques to reveal the novel and complex structure of a DNA molecule they created that mimics the activity of a protein called green fluorescent protein (GFP). GFP, which was derived from jellyfish, has become an important laboratory tool, functioning as a fluorescent tag or beacon in cells.

The findings advance the science of how DNA can be made to fold into complex shapes, and will help researchers build such DNA molecules for a variety of laboratory and clinical applications. An all-DNA fluorescent tag that mimics GFP, for example, would often be ideal for labeling targeted pieces of DNA in biological studies and in diagnostic test kits, and would be relatively inexpensive to make. 

“These findings really change our understanding of what we can do with DNA,” said study co- author Dr. Samie Jaffrey, Greenberg-Starr Professor of Pharmacology and a member of the Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center at Weill Cornell Medicine.

DNA in nature exists mostly in a double-stranded, “twisted ladder” or “helical” form, and serves as a relatively stable store of genetic information. All of the other complex biological processes in cells are done by other types of molecules, especially proteins.

Last year, Dr. Jaffrey and colleagues reported discovering one such molecule: a single-stranded DNA that folds in a way that allows it to mimic the activity of GFP. The DNA molecule, which Dr. Jaffrey dubbed “lettuce” for the color of its fluorescent emissions, works by binding to another small organic molecule, a potentially fluorescent “fluorophore” similar to the one at the heart of GFP, and squeezing it in a way that activates its ability to fluoresce. The researchers demonstrated the lettuce-fluorophore combination as a fluorescent tag for the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2, the cause of COVID-19.

Dr. Jaffrey and his team discovered lettuce by making many single-stranded DNAs and screening for those with the desired fluorophore-activating ability. But they didn’t know what structure lettuce used to acquire this ability. To determine that structure, they turned—in the new study—to their long-time collaborator, NHLBI senior investigator Dr. Adrian R. Ferré-D’Amaré.

In the research led by Dr. Luiz Passalacqua, a research fellow at Dr. Ferré-D’Amaré’s team,  advanced structural imaging techniques were used, including cryo-electron microscopy, to resolve the structure of lettuce at atomic-scale resolution. They found that it folds into a shape that has at its center a four-way junction of DNA, of a type never seen before, enclosing the fluorophore in a way that activates it. They also observed that lettuce’s foldings are held together with bonds between nucleobases—the building blocks of DNA that are often referred to as the “letters” in the four-letter DNA alphabet.

“What we have discovered is not DNA trying to be like a protein; it’s a DNA that is doing what GFP does but in its own special way,” said Dr. Ferré-D’Amaré.

The researchers said that the findings should speed the development of fluorescent DNA molecules such as lettuce for rapid-diagnostic tests as well as a host of other scientific applications in which a DNA-based fluorescent tag is desirable.

“Studies like this are going to be essential for the creation of new DNA-based tools,” Dr. Jaffrey said.

Reference: Passalacqua LFM, Banco MT, Moon JD, Li X, Jaffrey SR, Ferré-D’Amaré AR. Intricate 3D architecture of a DNA mimic of GFP. Nature. 2023. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06229-8

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