How Does One Gene Protect Against Type 2 Diabetes?

An international research collaboration led by researchers from the Universities of Helsinki and Oxford has identified the biological mechanism through which a genetic variant protects against type 2 diabetes.

The study finds that changes in a gene which makes zinc transporter proteins reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes by enhancing insulin secretion from the pancreas.

Type 2 diabetes affects almost 400 million people across the world. It is caused by a combination of lifestyle as well as genetic factors which together result in high blood sugar levels.

One such genetic factor is a variation in a gene called SLC30A8, which encodes a protein which carries zinc. This protein is important because zinc is essential for ensuring that insulin, (the only hormone that can reduce blood sugar levels) has the right shape in the beta-cells of the pancreas.

Researchers have known for almost ten years that changes in this gene can reduce the risk of getting type 2 diabetes, but not how this happened. They now recruited new members from families with a rare mutation in the SLC30A8 gene to study how they responded to sugar in a meal. 

“A definite strength of our study is we could study families. We could compare people with the mutation with their relatives who do not have the mutation, but who have similar genetic background and life-style”, said departmental chief doctor Tiinamaija Tuomi from the Helsinki University Hospital, who co-led the study. “This way, we could make sure that the effects we were seeing were definitely because of this gene, and not because of another genetic or lifestyle factor.”

The results showed that people with the mutation have higher insulin and lower blood sugar levels, reducing their risk for diabetes.

An international collaboration of 50 researchers also studied pancreatic cells with and without the mutation in the lab and carried out experiments in mice and human cellular material to understand exactly what was happening when the function of the SLC30A8 gene changed.

“The work is a collaborative effort bringing pharma and academia together and researchers from multiple European Countries. It is a tour de force since we were able to measure the impact of the mutation in many different systems, including human beta-cells”, said Professor Anna Gloyn, who co-led the study, from the Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford.

“We found that this mutation had collateral consequences on key functions of pancreatic beta cells and during their development. Importantly, this study exposes the extraordinary molecular complexity behind a specific gene variation conferring risk or protection from type 2 diabetes”, said Dr Benoit Hastoy, co-first author from the Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford.

“Taken together, the human and model system data show enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion combined with enhanced conversion of the prehormone proinsulin to insulin as the most likely explanation for protection against type 2 diabetes”, said Om Prakash Dwidedi, the co- first author of the study from the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki.

A better understanding of the genetic and pathological mechanism behind diabetes can open up new ways of preventing or treating type 2 diabetes.

“Our results position this zinc transporter as an appealing and safe target for antidiabetic therapies. If a drug can be developed that mimics the protective effect of this mutation, beta-cell function could be preserved and the insulin secretion capacity in diabetic patients maintained”, said Professor Leif Groop from the University of Helsinki and the Lund University who directed the study.

Reference

Dwivedi et al. (2019) Loss of ZnT8 function protects against diabetes by enhanced insulin secretion. Nature Genetics. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-019-0513-9

This article has been republished from the following materials. Note: material may have been edited for length and content. For further information, please contact the cited source.