The Potential of Gene Editing to Revolutionize Agriculture

Gene editing — one of the newest and most promising tools of biotechnology — enables animal breeders to make beneficial genetic changes, without bringing along unwanted genetic changes.

And, following in the footsteps of traditional breeding, gene editing has tremendous potential to boost the sustainability of livestock production, while also enhancing food-animal health and welfare, argues animal scientist Alison Van Eenennaam of the University of California, Davis.

She examined the potential benefits of genome editing at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, held at Boston’s Hynes Convention Center. Her presentation was part of a session titled “The Potential of Gene Editing to Revolutionize Agriculture,” moderated by acclaimed molecular biologist Nina Federoff.

Lessons from the dairy industry

Thanks to improvements made in the dairy industry through traditional breeding, a glass of milk today is associated with just one-third of the greenhouse gas emissions linked to producing a glass of milk in the 1940s, said Van Eenennaam, a UC Cooperative Extension biotechnology specialist in the UC Davis Department of Animal Science.

That was accomplished as traditional selective breeding improved the productivity of dairy cows so much that the number of dairy cows in the United States dropped from a high of 25.6 million in 1944 to about 9 million today, even as the country experienced a 1.6-fold increase in total milk production, she said.

Potential of gene editing for food animals

“A number of breeding methods, including artificial insemination, embryo transfer, crossbreeding and, more recently, genomic selection, have been used to achieve these improvements,” Van Eenennaam said. “Now, genome editing promises to complement traditional breeding programs by precisely introducing desirable genetic variations into livestock breeding programs.”

She noted that genome editing has already been used to prevent livestock disease, including making pigs resistant to porcine reproductive and respiratory virus, and to improve animal welfare by developing dairy cows that don’t require horn removal.

Additionally, research is underway to extend applications of gene editing in the future.  Gene editing might, for example, make it possible to produce offspring of only one gender, such as only hens for egg-laying operations.

Regulatory process key for gene-edited food animals

The potential for applying gene-editing techniques to make improvements in food-animal production largely hinges on future regulatory processes, according to Van Eenennaam.

“It’s not yet clear what regulatory status food-animals produced with gene editing will have,” Van Eenennaam said, noting that gene editing does not transfer novel DNA into an animal, but can be used to make changes within the animal’s own genes.

“The resulting DNA sequence may be identical to existing, naturally occurring DNA sequences,” she said. “The prospect that gene-edited animals would be subject to the same type of regulations that apply to an animal drug — even though their genetic modifications might be indistinguishable from those obtained through conventional breeding — is a concern for animal breeders who are eager to employ genome editing to complement traditional genetic improvement programs.”