Are Washing Machines Helping Spread Antibiotic Resistance in Hospitals?
Even running a hot water setting of 60°C failed to remove potentially harmful bacteria from uniforms.
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Healthcare workers who wash their uniforms at home may be unknowingly contributing to the spread of antibiotic-resistant infections in hospitals.
That’s according to a new study by Professor Katie Laird of De Montfort University Leicester (DMU) which has been published this week in open access journal PLOS One.
Professor Laird and her team tested home washing machines and found that even running a hot water setting of 60°C failed to remove potentially harmful bacteria from uniforms.
Many nurses and healthcare workers clean their uniforms at home in standard washing machines, but some studies have found that bacteria can be transmitted through clothing, raising the question of whether these machines can sufficiently prevent the spread of dangerous microbes in both the home and in hospitals.
The team also sampled biofilms from inside 12 washing machines. DNA sequencing revealed the presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes. Investigations also showed that bacteria can develop resistance to domestic detergents, which also increased their resistance to certain antibiotics.
Together, the findings suggest that many home washing machines may be insufficient for decontaminating healthcare worker uniforms, and may be contributing to the spread of hospital-acquired infections and antibiotic resistance. Since the study was published this week, Professor Laird and her team have been interviewed by media outlets and their work shared on some of the world's largest news sites.
Professor Laird and her team want laundry guidelines given to healthcare workers revised to ensure that home washing machines are cleaning effectively. Alternatively, they say, healthcare facilities could use on-site industrial machines to launder uniforms to improve patient safety and control the spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogens.
Professor Laird said: “Our research shows that domestic washing machines often fail to disinfect textiles, allowing antibiotic-resistant bacteria to survive. If we’re serious about transmission of infectious disease via textiles and tackling antimicrobial resistance, we must rethink how we launder what our healthcare workers wear.”
Reference: Cayrou C, Silver K, Owen L, Dunlop J, Laird K. Domestic laundering of healthcare textiles: Disinfection efficacy and risks of antibiotic resistance transmission. PLOS ONE. 2025;20(4):e0321467. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0321467
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