Human Derived RNA Integration Fuels Chronic Hepatitis E Virus Infection

Sequencing of the virus population

Around 20 million people worldwide contract Hepatitis E every year. Normally, the infection heals without consequences, but it can be life-threatening for pregnant women or people with suppressed immune systems. In some cases, it becomes chronic. There are no specific effective medications. The broad-spectrum antiviral drug Ribavirin is also used against Hepatitis E, but it does not always work.

How can the virus evade the immune system? Why does the infection become chronic and not heal? The researchers wanted to find out and analyzed for the first time all virus populations of a chronically infected patient over a period of more than a year. They examined more than 180 individual sequences from blood samples in detail.

Replication in Cell Culture Benefits from Host RNA

“The Hepatitis E virus has a so-called hypervariable region in its genetic information, into which it can incorporate various RNA sequences from host cells,” describes Daniel Todt. His team was able to show that the composition of this region changed massively during the observation period. Additionally, many different compositions occurred simultaneously. In cell culture experiments, it was shown that incorporating host RNA provided a replication advantage: The altered viruses could replicate better than others. “We assume that this is partly responsible for the infection becoming chronic and the therapy failing,” says Daniel Todt.

The researchers examined the composition of the host RNA incorporated into the virus to determine if there were any common features characterizing the gene segments. “However, we could not detect any meaningful similarities,” says Todt. The incorporated gene sequences are predominantly those that are very common in host cells, indicating a random selection.

“Possibly, during Hepatitis E infection, a race between the virus and the immune system occurs in the body,” speculates Daniel Todt. If the virus manages to incorporate host RNA before the immune system successfully combats the infection, it may lead to a chronic course. “Host RNA in the viral genome could, in any case, serve as a biomarker in the acute phase of an infection, indicating early on that it is likely to become chronic.”

The researchers plan to expand their studies to larger cohorts of patients.

Reference: Wißing MH, Meister TL, Nocke MK, et al. Genetic determinants of host- and virus-derived insertions for hepatitis E virus replication. Nat Commun. 2024;15(1):4855. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-49219-8

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