Quantitative Cell-based Bioassays for Individual or Combination Immune Checkpoint Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy aims to boost a patient’s own immune system to fight disease. Activation of T cells via direct stimulation of the T cell receptor or by modulating immune checkpoint pathways are two strategies being employed individually and in combination. Immune checkpoint targets include co-inhibitory (e.g. PD-1, CTLA-4, TIGIT, LAG-3) and co-stimulatory (e.g. GITR, 4-1BB, OX40, CD40) receptors.