A team has now shown in detail how oxygen interacts with the flavin in an enzyme - revealing for the first time precisely how it works. Flavins play a key role in metabolic processes, in the immune system and in neural development in humans - and are equally important to bacteria, fungi and plants.

New research shows that consuming dark chocolate that has a high concentration of cacao has positive effects on stress levels, inflammation, mood, memory and immunity. While it is well known that cacao is a major source of flavonoids, this is the first time the effect has been studied in human subjects to determine how it can support cognitive, endocrine and cardiovascular health.

New study implicates a role for light-induced electrical activity in controlling chemical codes.

Scientists study link between chronotype and death, and find night owls are at greater risk of health complications and earlier death.

Definitive diagnosis for many neurodegenerative diseases – such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, or Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) – frequently comes far too late. The “true gold standard” for diagnosis of both Alzheimer’s and CTE is through direct postmortem examination of brain tissue. Now, both researchers and athletes are working to change that.

Prof. Thomas Jessell, 66, who holds an endowed Chair as the Claire Tow Professor of Motor Neuron Disorders at the Zuckerman Insitute of the University of Columbia, has had his employment terminated.