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Why Do Older Monkeys Become Less Sociable?

A monkey.
Credit: Chris Boland / Unsplash.
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Summary 

A study on rhesus macaques found that reduced social connections in older individuals may protect them from infectious diseases. The research indicates that the benefits of fewer social ties could explain why many animals, including humans, experience social aging.

Key Takeaways

  • Older macaques face lower infection rates due to fewer social ties.
  • Social connections can increase disease risk in older individuals.
  • The study may explain the evolution of social aging in various species.

  • Becoming less sociable protects older monkeys from getting ill, new research shows.


    Many animals, including humans, are known to experience “social ageing” – reductions in their number of social connections as they get older. But why this happens remains a mystery.


    The new study, led by the universities of Exeter and Edinburgh, used long-term data on rhesus macaques on Cayo Santiago – known as Monkey Island.


    They found that older macaques are likely to suffer less from infectious disease, mostly because of their smaller social networks.

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    The study is published as part of a special issue of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, guest edited by Professor Lauren Brent from the University of Exeter.


    “Social ties bring huge benefits to a vast range of species – but sociality also comes with costs, including infectious disease risk,” said Dr Erin Siracusa, from Exeter’s Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour.


    “This cost-benefit ratio can change across individuals’ lifespans, which may drive changes in social behaviour.


    “Older individuals may be more susceptible to diseases – but once we accounted for that in our data, we found that older macaques suffered lower infection costs than their younger counterparts.


    “Our findings suggest a powerful reason why many animals, including humans, might reduce their social connections as they age.”


    The benefits macaques gained from social ageing depended on the diseases in question.


    Unsurprisingly, the benefit was strongest when diseases were highly infectious and were more severe for older macaques.


    Dr Matthew Silk, from the University of Edinburgh, said: “Our results point to illness potentially helping to explain why ‘social ageing’ evolves – something we are keen to test in future research.”


    Reference: Siracusa ER, Pavez-Fox MA, Negron-Del Valle JE, et al. Social ageing can protect against infectious disease in a group-living primate. Philosophical Transact Royal Soc B: Biol Sci. 2024;379(1916):20220462. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0462


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