Advancing single-cell research requires precise and reproducible tissue dissociation techniques. Manual methods can introduce variability, compromise cell viability and hinder downstream applications.
Miltenyi Biotecs latest benchtop dissociators offer automated, standardized solutions for tissue dissociation, homogenization, and ex vivo perfusion, delivering high-quality single-cell suspensions and intact organelles across diverse applications.
These tools have become the most trusted tissue dissociation solution among scientists worldwide, providing the perfect balance between mechanical shearing and enzymatic digestion.
This whitepaper highlights studies showcasing how optimized dissociation technologies enhance workflows in oncology, immunology, neuroscience and beyond.
Download this whitepaper to discover:
- How automated tissue dissociation enhances single-cell research across multiple applications
- The versatility of automated solutions for various tissue types and downstream applications
- Real-world examples demonstrating the reliability of standardized tissue processing
1
Reference list
gentleMACS™ Dissociators,
Tubes, and Reagent Kits
Tissue dissociation
Human tumor
Tumor Dissociation kit, human (130-095-929)
Dissociation of the human endometrial metastasis
biopsies into single cells for single-cell (sc) sequencing
Cassier, P. A. et al. (2023) Netrin-1 blockade inhibits tumour
growth and EMT features in endometrial cancer.
Nature 620: 409–416.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06367-z
Dissociation of human gastric tissue biopsies into single
cells for scRNA sequencing
Huang, K. K. et al. (2023) Spatiotemporal genomic profiling
of intestinal metaplasia reveals clonal dynamics of gastric
cancer progression. Cancer Cell 41: 2019–2037.e8.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2023.10.004
Dissociation of high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma
tissue into single cells for scRNA sequencing
Denisenko, E. et al. (2024) Spatial transcriptomics reveals
discrete tumour microenvironments and autocrine loops
within ovarian cancer subclones. Nat. Commun. 15: 2860.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-47271-y
Dissociation of human glioblastoma tumor into single
cells for in vitro sc-radiotracing and flow cytometry
Bartos, L. M. et al. (2023) Deciphering sources of PET signals
in the tumor microenvironment of glioblastoma at cellular
resolution. Sci. Adv. 9: eadi8986.
https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adi8986
Dissociation of the melanoma tumor tissues for flow
cytometry and tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) studies
Bennion, D. et al. (2024) CD8+ T cell-derived Fgl2 regulates
immunity in a cell-autonomous manner via ligation of FcγRIIB.
Nat. Commun. 15: 5280
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-49475-8
The gentleMACS™ Dissociators are a family of benchtop
instruments designed for automated and standardized
dissociation, homogenization, and ex vivo perfusion of various
tissues. Viable single-cell suspensions or intact organelles are
efficiently obtained using our unique C Tubes in combination
with our extraction buffers or tissue-specific enzyme kits,
respectively. Thorough homogenates are easily achieved with
our specialized M Tubes and optimized programs. Additionally,
ex vivo perfusion can be performed using gentleMACS Perfusers
to extract viable fragile cells. After processing, samples can be
used for any cellular and molecular downstream analysis.
With several thousand publications citing gentleMACS
Technology, our devices have proven to be the most trusted
tissue dissociators among scientists and researchers, assisting
in multiple ways, such as:
• Efficiently generate suspensions of viable single cells and
intact cell organelles in a fast, standardized, and automated
way.
• Eliminate the variability introduced by manual techniques
and ensure reproducible results across researchers and
settings.
• Ensure high-quality results in every experiment with readyto-use tissue-specific kits that contain highly active, lot-to-lot
consistent enzymes, and optimized buffer solutions.
• Preserve cellular composition and surface epitopes with
gentle and optimized protocols designed for the perfect
balance between mechanical shearing and enzymatic
digestion.
• Minimize cross-contamination, and reduce handling risks
with single-use, sterile consumables.
We have compiled a reference list of selected recent
publications using our products. This list highlights how our
products contribute to cutting-edge research and reflects
their reliability, effectiveness, and recognition by scientists
worldwide.
2
Dissociation of the gastric adenocarcinoma into single
cells for scRNA sequencing
Kumar, V. et al. (2022) Single-cell atlas of lineage states, tumor
microenvironment, and subtype-specific expression programs
in gastric cancer. Cancer Discov. 12: 670–691.
https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-21-0683
Dissociation of human ovarian tumor tissue into single
cells for scRNA sequencing
Vázquez-García, I. et al. (2022) Ovarian cancer mutational
processes drive site-specific immune evasion.
Nature 612: 778–786.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05496-1
Xenograft tumor
Tumor Dissociation Kit, human (130-095-929)
Dissociation of the melanoma xenograft into single cells
to enrich human tumor cells for cell culture
Yaeger, R. et al. (2024) A next-generation BRAF inhibitor
overcomes resistance to BRAF inhibition in patients with
BRAF-mutant cancers using pharmacokinetics-informed
dose escalation. Cancer discovery 14: 1599–1611.
https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-24-0024
Dissociation of the human malignant peripheral nerve
sheath tumor-derived xenografts into single cells for
flow cytometry
Larsson, A. T. et al. (2023) Ex vivo to in vivo model of malignant
peripheral nerve sheath tumors for precision oncology.
Neuro. Oncol. 25: 2044–2057.
https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noad097
Dissociation of human breast cancer-derived xenograft
and organoid into single cells for scRNA sequencing
Guillen, K. P. et al. (2022) A human breast cancer-derived
xenograft and organoid platform for drug discovery and
precision oncology. Nat. Cancer. 3: 232–250.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s43018-022-00337-6
Dissociation of human pancreatic ductal
adenocarcinoma-derived xenograft into single cells for
cell culture
Cameron, D. P. et al. (2023) Coinhibition of topoisomerase 1
and BRD4-mediated pause release selectively kills pancreatic
cancer via readthrough transcription. Sci. Adv. 9: eadg5109.
https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adg5109
Dissociation of human small cell lung cancer-derived
xenografts into single cells for scRNA sequencing
Stanzione, M. et al. (2022) Translesion DNA synthesis mediates
acquired resistance to olaparib plus temozolomide in small
cell lung cancer. Sci. Adv. 8: eabn1229.
https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abn1229
Mouse tumor
Tumor Dissociation Kit, mouse (130-096-730)
Dissociation of the murine tumor tissue into single cells
for flow cytometry
Váraljai, R. et al. (2023) Interleukin 17 signaling supports clinical
benefit of dual CTLA-4 and PD-1 checkpoint inhibition in
melanoma [published correction in Nat. Cancer. 2023; 4: 1395.
doi: 10.1038/s43018-023-00632-w]. Nat. Cancer. 4: 1292–1308.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s43018-023-00610-2
Dissociation of the murine tumor tissue into single
cells to isolate tumor cells for RNA sequencing
Liu, H. J. et al. (2023) mTORC1 upregulates B7-H3/CD276 to
inhibit antitumor T cells and drive tumor immune evasion.
Nat. Commun. 14: 1214.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36881-7
Dissociation of murine tumor into single cells to analyze
tumor-infiltrating immune cells by scRNA sequencing
Sun, Y. et al. (2023) Targeting TBK1 to overcome resistance
to cancer immunotherapy. Nature 615: 158–167.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-05704-6
Dissociation of murine tumor into single cells for flow
cytometry
Moynihan, K. D. et al. (2024) IL2 targeted to CD8+ T cells
promotes robust effector T-cell responses and potent
antitumor immunity. Cancer Discov. 14: 1206–1225.
https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-23-1266
Dissociation of murine tumor into single cells to isolate
tumor cells to generate cell line and scRNA sequencing
Wu, M. J. et al. (2022) Mutant IDH inhibits IFNγ-TET2 signaling
to promote immunoevasion and tumor maintenance in
cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer Discov. 12: 812–835.
https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-21-1077
Dissociation of murine tumor into single cells to analyze
tumor immune cells by flow cytometry
Huang, L. et al. (2022) Engineered exosomes as an in situ
DC-primed vaccine to boost antitumor immunity in breast
cancer. Mol. Cancer 21: 45.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-022-01515-x
Brain tumor
Brain Tumor Dissociation Kit (P) (130-095-942)
Dissociation of the metastatic lesions of murine brain
into single cells for scRNA sequencing
Monteiro, C. et al. (2022) Stratification of radiosensitive brain
metastases based on an actionable S100A9/RAGE resistance
mechanism. Nat. Med. 28: 752–765.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-01749-8
Dissociation of the murine brain tumor into single cells
for scRNA sequencing
Sanchez-Aguilera, A. et al. (2023) Machine learning identifies
experimental brain metastasis subtypes based on their
influence on neural circuits. Cancer Cell 41: 1637–1649.e11.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2023.07.010
Dissociation of the murine brain tumor into single cells
for flow cytometry
Chen, X. et al. (2023) IDH1 mutation impairs antiviral response
and potentiates oncolytic virotherapy in glioma.
Nat. Commun. 14: 6781.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-42545-3
Dissociation of the murine brain tumor into single cells
for flow cytometry
Wu, L. et al. (2024) Tumour microenvironment programming
by an RNA-RNA-binding protein complex creates a druggable
vulnerability in IDH-wild-type glioblastoma.
Nat. Cell Biol. 26: 1003–1018.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41556-024-01428-5
3
Dissociation of the human brain tumor into single cells
for cytometry by time of flight (CyTOF)
Alanio, C. et al. (2022) Immunologic features in de novo and
recurrent glioblastoma are associated with survival outcomes.
Cancer Immunol. Res. 10: 800–810.
https://doi.org/10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-21-1050
Adult brain
Adult Brain Dissociation Kit, mouse and rat (130-107-677)
Dissociation of murine hippocampal tissue into single cells
for bulk RNA sequencing
Zhang, J. R. et al. (2024) Augmented microglial endoplasmic
reticulum-mitochondria contacts mediate depression-like
behavior in mice induced by chronic social defeat stress.
Nat. Commun. 15: 5199.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-49597-z
Dissociation of murine adult brain into single cells to
isolate oligodendrocytes and microglia
Schlett, J. S. et al. (2023). NF-κB is a critical mediator of
post-mitotic senescence in oligodendrocytes and subsequent
white matter loss. Molecular neurodegeneration 18: 24.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-023-00616-5
Dissociation of murine brain into single cells to isolate
microglia, astrocytes, and neurons for flow cytometry
Zatcepin, A. et al. (2024) Regional desynchronization of
microglial activity is associated with cognitive decline in
Alzheimer's disease. Mol. Neurodegener. 19: 64.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-024-00752-6
Dissociation of the murine brain into single cells to
isolate astrocyte for scRNA sequencing
Shigetomi, E. et al. (2024) Disease-relevant upregulation of
P2Y1 receptor in astrocytes enhances neuronal excitability
via IGFBP2. Nat. Commun. 15: 6525.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50190-7
Dissociation of murine brain into single cells to isolate
neuronal and non-neuronal cell fractions for flow
cytometry
Hammerschmidt, P. et al. (2023) CerS6-dependent ceramide
synthesis in hypothalamic neurons promotes ER/mitochondrial
stress and impairs glucose homeostasis in obese mice.
Nat. Commun. 14: 7824.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-42595-7
Lung
Lung Dissociation Kit, mouse (130-095-927)
Dissociation of murine lung into single cells for flow
cytometry analysis.
Li, B. et al. (2023) Combinatorial design of nanoparticles
for pulmonary mRNA delivery and genome editing.
Nat. Biotechnol. 41: 1410–1415.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-023-01679-x
Dissociation of murine lung into single cells for
fluorescence-activated cell sorting and tagmentationbased whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (T-WGBS)
Chen, Y. et al. (2022) Club cells employ regeneration
mechanisms during lung tumorigenesis.
Nat. Commun. 13: 4557.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32052-2
Dissociation of murine lung into single cells for analysis
of macrophage infiltration by flow cytometry
Günes Günsel, G. et al. (2022) The arginine methyltransferase
PRMT7 promotes extravasation of monocytes resulting in
tissue injury in COPD. Nat. Commun. 13: 1303.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28809-4
Dissociation of murine lung into single cells for flow
cytometry and scRNA sequencing
Shin, M. et al. (2022) Intratracheally administered LNA gapmer
antisense oligonucleotides induce robust gene silencing in
mouse lung fibroblasts. Nucleic Acids Res. 50: 8418–8430.
https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkac630
Dissociation of murine lung to isolate regulatory T cells
and determine virus titer by plaque assay
Koch-Heier, J. et al. (2024) MEK-inhibitor treatment reduces
the induction of regulatory T cells in mice after influenza
A virus infection. Front. Immunol. 15: 1360698.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1360698
Liver
Liver Dissociation Kit, mouse (130-105-807)
Dissociation of murine liver into single cells for flow
cytometry
Uehara, K. et al. (2022) Targeted delivery to macrophages
and dendritic cells by chemically modified mannose
ligand-conjugated siRNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 50: 4840–4859.
https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkac308
Dissociation of murine liver into single cells for flow
cytometry
Hočevar, S. et al. (2022) PEGylated gold nanoparticles target
age-associated B cells in vivo. ACS Nano. 16: 18119–18132.
doi:10.1021/acsnano.2c04871
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.2c04871
Dissociation of murine liver into single cells to isolate
hepatic endothelial cells for ELISA assay
Große-Segerath, L., et al. (2024) Identification of myeloidderived growth factor as a mechanically-induced, growthpromoting angiocrine signal for human hepatocytes.
Nat. Commun. 15: 1076.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-44760-y
Dissociation of murine liver into single cells for
fluorescence-activated cell sorting
Fujimoto, M. et al. (2022) Liver group 2 innate lymphoid cells
regulate blood glucose levels through IL-13 signaling and
suppression of gluconeogenesis. Nat. Commun. 13: 5408.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-33171-6
Dissociation of murine liver into single cells to isolate liver
sinusoidal endothelial cells for fluorescence-activated cell
sorting
Eberhard, D. et al. Semaphorin-3A regulates liver sinusoidal
endothelial cell porosity and promotes hepatic steatosis. (2024)
Nat. Cardiovasc. Res. 3: 734–753.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s44161-024-00487-z
4
Liver Perfusion Kit, mouse and rat (130-128-030)
Ex vivo perfusion of murine liver to isolate hepatocyte
for flow cytometry and scRNA sequencing
Nikopoulou, C. et al. (2023) Spatial and single-cell profiling
of the metabolome, transcriptome and epigenome of the
aging mouse liver. Nat. Aging. 3: 1430–1445.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s43587-023-00513-y
Ex vivo perfusion of murine liver to isolate hepatocyte
for cell culture and immunostaining
Poggel, C. et al. (2022) Isolation of hepatocytes from liver
tissue by a novel, semi-automated perfusion technology.
Biomedicines. 10: 2198.
https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10092198
Ex vivo perfusion of murine liver to isolate liver
intrahepatic immune cells
Conceição-Neto, N. et al. (2023) Sustained liver HBsAg loss
and clonal T- and B-cell expansion upon therapeutic DNA
vaccination require low HBsAg levels. Vaccines. 11: 1825.
https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11121825
Ex vivo perfusion of murine liver to isolate intrahepatic
lymphocytes
Van Gulck, E. et al. (2024) Retreatment with HBV siRNA results
in additional reduction in HBV antigenemia and immune
stimulation in the AAV-HBV mouse model. Viruses. 16: 347.
https://doi.org/10.3390/v16030347
Ex vivo perfusion of murine liver to isolate hepatocyte
and non-parenchymal cells
De Pooter, D. et al. (2024) Robust isolation protocol for mouse
leukocytes from blood and liver resident cells for immunology
research. PLoS One. 19: e0304063.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0304063
Neural tissue
Neural Tissue Dissociation Kit (P) (130-092-628)
Dissociation of murine brain into single cells to isolate
and culture oligodendrocytes
Andreadou, M., et al. (2023) IL-12 sensing in neurons induces
neuroprotective CNS tissue adaptation and attenuates
neuroinflammation in mice. Nat. Neurosci. 26: 1701–1712.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-023-01435-z
Dissociation of stroke-injured or uninjured murine brain
into single cells for fluorescence-activated cell sorting
and scRNA sequencing
Scott, E. Y. et al. (2024) Integrating single-cell and spatially
resolved transcriptomic strategies to survey the astrocyte
response to stroke in male mice. Nat. Commun. 15: 1584.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45821-y
Dissociation of murine brain into single cells to isolate
microglia for flow cytometry
Arbaizar-Rovirosa, M. et al. (2023) Aged lipid-laden microglia
display impaired responses to stroke.
EMBO Mol. Med. 15: e17175.
https://doi.org/10.15252/emmm.202217175
Dissociation of murine brain into single cells to isolate
microglia for mass spectrometry
Pesämaa, I. et al. (2023) A microglial activity state biomarker
panel differentiates FTD-granulin and Alzheimer's disease
patients from controls. Mol. Neurodegener. 18: 70.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-023-00657-w
Dissociation of murine brain into single cells for cell
sorting and flow cytometry
Arbaizar-Rovirosa, M. et al. (2023) Transcriptomics and
translatomics identify a robust inflammatory gene signature
in brain endothelial cells after ischemic stroke.
J. Neuroinflammation. 20: 207.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-023-02888-6
Neural Tissue Dissociation Kit (T) (130-093-231)
Dissociation of subependymal zone of murine brain into
single cells for flow cytometry and cell sorting
Domingo-Muelas, A. et al. (2023) Post-transcriptional control of
a stemness signature by RNA-binding protein MEX3A regulates
murine adult neurogenesis. Nat. Commun. 14: 373.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36054-6
Dissociation of murine brain into single cells for flow
cytometry and image stream analysis
Cai, W. et al. (2022) Neuroprotection against ischemic stroke
requires a specific class of early responder T cells in mice.
J. Clin. Invest. 132: e157678.
https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI157678
Dissociation of murine spinal cord into single cells for
flow cytometry
Xiong, W. et al. (2022) Treg cell-derived exosomes miR-709
attenuates microglia pyroptosis and promotes motor function
recovery after spinal cord injury. J. Nanobiotechnology. 20: 529.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-022-01724-y
Dissociation of murine brain into single cells for flow
cytometry and scRNA sequencing
Zhang, Y. et al. (2023) Novel CH25H+ and OASL+ microglia
subclusters play distinct roles in cerebral ischemic stroke.
J. Neuroinflammation. 20: 115.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-023-02799-6
Dissociation of murine brain into single cells for flow
cytometry
Lu, J. et al. (2023) Age-related alterations in peripheral immune
landscape with magnified impact on post-stroke brain.
Research. 6: 0287.
https://doi.org/10.34133/research.0287
Neural Tissue Dissociation Kit - Postnatal Neurons
(130-094-802)
Dissociation of murine brain into single cells to isolate
neurons for neuron-glioma co-culture and synaptic
puncta assays
Taylor, K. R. et al. (2023) Glioma synapses recruit mechanisms
of adaptive plasticity. Nature 623: 366–374.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06678-1
Dissociation of murine brain into single cells to isolate
microglia and astrocytes for cell culture and quantitative
real time PCR (qRT-PCR)
Wang, T. et al. (2024) Dimethyl fumarate improves cognitive
impairment and neuroinflammation in mice with Alzheimer's
disease. J. Neuroinflammation 21: 55.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-024-03046-2
Dissociation of murine brain into single cells to isolate
and culture primary neurons
Ortega-Pineda, L. et al. (2022) Designer extracellular vesicles
modulate pro-neuronal cell responses and improve intracranial
retention. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 11: e2100805.
https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.202100805
5
Dissociation of murine brain into single cells to isolate
and culture primary neurons
Weesner, J. A. et al. (2024) Altered GM1 catabolism affects
NMDAR-mediated Ca2+ signaling at ER-PM junctions and
increases synaptic spine formation in a GM1-gangliosidosis
model. Cell Rep. 43: 114117.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114117
Dissociation of murine spinal cord into single cells to
isolate microglia for qPCR and scRNA sequencing
Komine, O. et al. (2024) Genetic background variation
impacts microglial heterogeneity and disease progression in
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis model mice. iScience. 27: 108872.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2024.108872
Neurosphere Dissociation Kit (P) (130-095-943)
Dissociation of developing human eyes and neural retina
samples into single cells for scRNA and ATAC sequencing
Dorgau, B. et al. (2024) Single-cell analyses reveal transient
retinal progenitor cells in the ciliary margin of developing
human retina. Nat. Commun. 15: 3567.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-47933-x
Dissociation of cultured human striatal organoids into
single cells for scRNA sequencing
Chen, X. et al. (2022) Human striatal organoids derived from
pluripotent stem cells recapitulate striatal development and
compartments. PLoS Biol. 20: e3001868.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001868
Dissociation of retinal organoids for scRNA sequencing,
cell cycle phase distribution analysis, and soft agar colony
formation assay
Rozanska, A. et al. (2022) pRB-depleted pluripotent stem
cell retinal organoids recapitulate cell state transitions of
retinoblastoma development and suggest an important role
for pRB in retinal cell differentiation. Stem Cells Transl.
Med. 11: 415–433.
https://doi.org/10.1093/stcltm/szac008
Dissociation of retinal organoids into single cells for
scRNA sequencing
Dorgau, B. et al. (2022) Human retinal organoids provide a
suitable tool for toxicological investigations: A comprehensive
validation using drugs and compounds affecting the retina.
Stem Cells Transl. Med. 11: 159–177.
https://doi.org/10.1093/stcltm/szab010
Dissociation of retinal organoids into single cells for
scRNA sequencing
Chichagova, V. et al. (2023) Incorporating microglia-like cells
in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal
organoids. J. Cell Mol. Med. 27: 435–445.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.17670
Spleen
Spleen Dissociation Kit, mouse (130-095-926)
Dissociation of murine spleen into single cells for flow
cytometry
Thisted, T. et al. (2024) VISTA checkpoint inhibition by
pH-selective antibody SNS-101 with optimized safety
and pharmacokinetic profiles enhances PD-1 response.
Nat. Commun. 15: 2917.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-47256-x
Dissociation of bat spleen into single cells to isolate
splenocytes and axillary lymph node for flow cytometry
Guito, J. C. et al. (2024) Coordinated inflammatory responses
dictate Marburg virus control by reservoir bats.
Nat. Commun. 15: 1826.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-46226-7
Dissociation of murine spleen into single cells for flow
cytometry and ex vivo splenocyte restimulation
Atalis, A. et al. (2022) Nanoparticle-delivered TLR4 and RIG-I
agonists enhance immune response to SARS-CoV-2 subunit
vaccine. J. Control. Release. 347: 476–488.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.05.023
Dissociation of murine spleen into single cells for flow
cytometry
Hesemans, E. et al. (2023) Cu-doped TiO2 nanoparticles
improve local antitumor immune activation and optimize
dendritic cell vaccine strategies. J. Nanobiotechnology. 21: 87.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-023-01844-z
Dissociation of murine spleen into single cells to identify
splenic hematopoietic cells by flow cytometry
Rodriguez-Muñoz, D. et al. (2022) Hypothyroidism confers
tolerance to cerebral malaria. Sci. Adv. 8: eabj7110.
https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abj7110
Lamina propria
Lamina Propria Dissociation Kit, mouse (130-097-410)
Dissociation of murine small intestine into single cells
to isolate lymphocytes for flow cytometry
Glaubitz, J. et al. (2023) Activated regulatory T-cells promote
duodenal bacterial translocation into necrotic areas in severe
acute pancreatitis. Gut. 72: 1355–1369.
https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2022-327448
Dissociation of murine colonic and small intestinal
lamina propria into single cells to isolate lymphocytes
for flow cytometry
Steimle, A. et al. (2024) Gut microbial factors predict disease
severity in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis.
Nat. Microbiol. 9: 2244–2261.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-024-01761-3
Dissociation of murine ilea and colon into single cells
to isolate lamina propria cells for CyTOF
Parrish, A. et al. (2023) Akkermansia muciniphila exacerbates
food allergy in fibre-deprived mice.
Nat. Microbiol. 8: 1863–1879.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-023-01464-1
Dissociation of murine intestinal tissue to isolate
lamina propria mononuclear cells for flow cytometry and
RNA extraction
Schmalzl, A. et al. (2022) Interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1)
promotes intestinal group 3 innate lymphoid responses during
Citrobacter rodentium infection. Nat. Commun. 13: 5730.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-33326-5
Dissociation of murine large intestine into single cells
to isolate intestinal leukocyte for cell sorting and flow
cytometry
Dittmar, D. J. et al. (2024) Donor regulatory T cells rapidly adapt
to recipient tissues to control murine acute graft-versus-host
disease. Nat. Commun. 15: 3224.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-47575-z
6
Whole skin
Whole Skin Dissociation Kit, human (130-101-540)
Dissociation of human skin into single cells for flow
cytometry and massively parallel single-cell RNA
sequencing (MARS)
Gur, C. et al. (2022) LGR5 expressing skin fibroblasts define
a major cellular hub perturbed in scleroderma.
Cell 185: 1373–1388.e20.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.011
Dissociation of human skin biopsy into single cells for
scRNA sequencing
Francis, L. et al. (2024) Single-cell analysis of psoriasis
resolution demonstrates an inflammatory fibroblast state
targeted by IL-23 blockade. Nat. Commun. 15: 913.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-44994-w
Dissociation of human skin into single cells to isolate
CD4+ and CD4-
cells for bioanalytical methods
Herrera, C. et al. (2023) Dose finding study for on-demand
HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis for insertive sex in sub-Saharan
Africa: results from the CHAPS open label randomised
controlled trial. EBioMedicine 93: 104648.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104648
Dissociation of cryopreserved human skin into single
cells for scRNA sequencing
Liu, T. et al. (2024) Spatial transcriptomics identifies cellular
and molecular characteristics of scleroderma skin lesions:
pilot study in juvenile scleroderma. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 25: 9182.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179182
Dissociation of human diseased and healthy skin into
single cells for scRNA sequencing
Werner, G. et al. (2023) Single-cell transcriptome analysis
identifies subclusters with inflammatory fibroblast responses
in localized scleroderma. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 24: 9796.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24129796
Neonatal heart
Neonatal Heart Dissociation Kit, mouse and rat
(130-098-373)
Dissociation of neonatal murine heart into single cells
to isolate and culture neonatal cardiomyocytes
Liu, Y. et al. (2024) Reprogramming the myocardial infarction
microenvironment with melanin-based composite
nanomedicines in mice. Nat. Commun. 15: 6651.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50854-4
Dissociation of murine heart into single cells to isolate
endothelia and fibroblast cells for RNA sequencing
Shamseddine, A. et al. (2023) Innate immune signaling drives
late cardiac toxicity following DNA-damaging cancer therapies.
J. Exp. Med.220: e20220809.
https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20220809
Dissociation of murine heart into single cells for scRNA
sequencing
Shao, Y. et al. (2024) ATF3 coordinates the survival and
proliferation of cardiac macrophages and protects against
ischemia-reperfusion injury. Nat. Cardiovasc. Res. 3: 28–45.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s44161-023-00392-x
Dissociation of murine left heart ventricle into single
cells for cell sorting and scRNA sequencing
Bak, S. T. et al. (2023) Ploidy-stratified single cardiomyocyte
transcriptomics map zinc finger E-box binding homeobox
1 to underly cardiomyocyte proliferation before birth.
Basic Res. Cardiol. 118: 8.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00395-023-00979-2
Dissociation of murine neonatal heart into single cells
to culture primary cardiomyocyte
Hashimoto, K. et al. (2024) Loss of connectin novex-3 leads to
heart dysfunction associated with impaired cardiomyocyte
proliferation and abnormal nuclear mechanics.
Sci. Rep.14: 13727.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-64608-1
Skeletal muscle
Skeletal Muscle Dissociation Kit, mouse and rat
(130-098-305)
Dissociation of murine tibialis anterior muscle into single
cells for flow cytometry
McNamara, S. L. et al. (2023) Anti-inflammatory therapy
enables robot-actuated regeneration of aged muscle.
Sci. Robot. 8: eadd9369.
https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.add9369
Dissociation of murine hind limb into single cells to
isolated endothelial cells from skeletal muscle
Bartoli, F. et al. (2022) Endothelial Piezo1 sustains muscle
capillary density and contributes to physical activity.
J. Clin. Invest. 132: e141775.
https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI141775
Dissociation of murine muscle into single cells to isolate
fibro/adipogenic progenitor cells for cell culture
Aykul, S. et al. (2022) Anti-ACVR1 antibodies exacerbate
heterotopic ossification in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
(FOP) by activating FOP-mutant ACVR1.
J. Clin. Invest. 132: e153792.
https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI153792
Dissociation of human skeletal muscle biopsies into single
cells for flow cytometry
Wüst, R. et al. (2022) Efficient co-isolation of microvascular
endothelial cells and satellite cell-derived myoblasts from
human skeletal muscle. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 10: 964705.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2022.964705
Dissociation of murine hindlimb into single cells to isolate
primary myogenic progenitor cell for cell culture
Burke, B. I. et al. (2023) ApoE isoform does not influence skeletal
muscle regeneration in adult mice. Front. Physiol. 14: 1302695.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2023.1302695
Umbilical cord
Umbilical Cord Dissociation Kit, human (130-105-737)
Dissociation of human placenta into single cells for
scRNA sequencing
Garcia-Flores, V. et al. (2022) Maternal-fetal immune responses
in pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2.
Nat. Commun. 13: 320.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27745-z
7
Dissociation of human placenta into single cells for
scRNA sequencing
Garcia-Flores, V. et al. (2023) Preparation of single-cell
suspensions from the human placenta. Nat. Protoc. 18: 732–754.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-022-00772-w
Dissociation of human umbilical cord into single cells for
flow cytometry
Beckenkamp, L. R. et al. (2024) Manufacturing parameters for
the creation of clinical-grade human-induced pluripotent stem
cell lines from umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells.
Stem Cells Transl. Med. 13: 454–461.
https://doi.org/10.1093/stcltm/szae010
Dissociation of murine uterus and decidua into single cells
for scRNA sequencing
Garcia-Flores, V. et al. (2023) A single-cell atlas of murine
reproductive tissues during preterm labor. Cell Rep. 42: 111846.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111846
Dissociation of human placenta into single cells for
scRNA sequencing
Yang, J. et al. (2023) Single-cell RNA-seq reveals developmental
deficiencies in both the placentation and the decidualization
in women with late-onset preeclampsia. Front. Immunol.
14:1142273.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1142273
Adipose tissue
Adipose Tissue Dissociation Kit, mouse and rat
(130-105-808)
Dissociation of murine perivascular adipose tissue into
single cells to isolate PVAT-derived preadipocyte for cell
culture
Adachi, Y. et al. (2022) Beiging of perivascular adipose tissue
regulates its inflammation and vascular remodeling.
Nat. Commun. 13: 5117.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32658-6
Dissociation of murine inguinal white adipose tissue into
single cells for scRNA sequencing, mass cytometry, and
flow cytometry
Sinton, M. C. et al. (2023) IL-17 signalling is critical for controlling
subcutaneous adipose tissue dynamics and parasite burden
during chronic murine Trypanosoma brucei infection
[published correction in Nat. Commun. 2024; 15: 1833.
doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-46299-4]. Nat. Commun. 14: 7070.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-42918-8
Dissociation of murine gonadal white adipose tissue into
single cells for flow cytometry
Moon, S. et al. (2024) Interleukin-2 improves insulin sensitivity
through hypothalamic sympathetic activation in obese mice.
J. Neuroinflammation. 21: 250.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-024-03244-y
Dissociation of murine adipose tissue into single cells
to isolate immune cell population for microarray analysis
of microRNAs
Kiran, S. et al. (2023) miR-10a-3p modulates adiposity and
suppresses adipose inflammation through TGF-β1/Smad3
signaling pathway. Front. Immunol. 14: 1213415.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1213415
Dissociation of rat subcutaneous white adipose tissue
into single cells to isolate and culture adipose-derived
mesenchymal regenerative cells
Kavaliunaite, E. et al. (2024) A single injection of ADRCs does not
prevent AAA formation in rats in a randomized blinded design.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 25: 7591.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147591
Embryoid bodies
Embryoid Body Dissociation Kit, human and mouse
(130-096-348)
Dissociation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs)
derived cell clusters into single cells for fluorescenceactivated cell sorting and cell culture
Majid, Q. A. et al. (2024) Generation and characterisation of
scalable and stable human pluripotent stem cell-derived
microvascular-like endothelial cells for cardiac applications.
Angiogenesis. 27: 561–582.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10456-024-09929-5
Dissociation of ovaroids into single cells for scRNA
sequencing
Pierson Smela, M. D. et al. (2023) Directed differentiation of
human iPSCs to functional ovarian granulosa-like cells via
transcription factor overexpression [published correction in
Elife. 2023;12: e87987. doi: 10.7554/eLife.87987]. Elife. 12: e83291.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.83291
Dissociation of embryoid bodies into single cells for
flow cytometry
Kobayashi, M. et al. (2022) Expanding homogeneous culture
of human primordial germ cell-like cells maintaining germline
features without serum or feeder layers.
Stem Cell Reports. 17: 507–521.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.01.012
Dissociation of embryoid bodies into single cells for
culture and flow cytometry
Aurigemma, I. et al. (2024) Endothelial gene regulatory
elements associated with cardiopharyngeal lineage
differentiation. Commun. Biol. 7: 351.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-024-06017-8
Dissociation of spheroid into single cells for cell culture
Meiser, I. et al. (2023) Application-oriented bulk
cryopreservation of human iPSCs in cryo bags followed by
direct inoculation in scalable suspension bioreactors for
expansion and neural differentiation. Cells 12: 1914.
https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12141914
Epidermal tissue
Epidermis Dissociation Kit ACF, human (130-103-464)
Epidermis Dissociation Kit ACF, mouse (130-095-928)
Dissociation of murine fresh wound tissues into single cells
for scRNA sequencing
Yang, Y. et al. (2023) Tracing immune cells around biomaterials
with spatial anchors during large-scale wound regeneration
[published correction in Nat. Commun. 2023, 14: 6240.
doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-42118-4]. Nat. Commun. 14: 5995.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-41608-9
8
Dissociation of murine fresh wound tissues into single cells
for scRNA sequencing
Li, X. et al. (2024) TLR9 activation in large wound induces tissue
repair and hair follicle regeneration via γδT cells.
Cell Death Dis. 15: 598.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-024-06994-y
Dissociation of healthy murine skin into single cells to
isolate and culture skin cells
Schmidt, A. et al. (2023) Short- and long-term polystyrene
nano- and microplastic exposure promotes oxidative stress and
divergently affects skin cell architecture and Wnt/beta-catenin
signaling. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 20: 3.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12989-023-00513-1
Dissociation of mouse skin into single cells to isolate
primary skin cells for cell culture
Schmidt, A. (2024) Gas plasma exposure alters microcirculation
and inflammation during wound healing in a diabetic mouse
model. Antioxidants 13: 68.
https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13010068
Dissociation of fresh human skin into single cells for
scRNA sequencing
Zou, D. D. et al. (2023) Single-cell sequencing highlights
heterogeneity and malignant progression in actinic keratosis
and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Elife 12: e85270.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.85270
Dissociation of human abdominal skin tissue into
single cells to isolate keratinocytes for cell culture and
immunofluorescence staining
Hermann, M. et al. (2023) Secretome of adipose-derived stem
cells cultured in platelet lysate improves migration and viability
of keratinocytes. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 24: 3522.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043522
Dissociation of human skin into single cells to isolate
and culture keratinocytes
Sörgel, C. A. et al. (2022) IGF-I and hyaluronic acid mitigate the
negative effect of irradiation on human skin keratinocytes.
Cancers 14: 588.
https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14030588
Dissociation of healthy human skin into single cells for
single cell multi-omics sequencing
Solé-Boldo, L. et al. (2022) Differentiation-related epigenomic
changes define clinically distinct keratinocyte cancer subclasses. Mol. Syst. Biol. 18: e11073.
https://doi.org/10.15252/msb.202211073
Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded
(FFPE) tissue
FFPE Tissue Dissociation Kit (130-118-052)
FFPE Tissue Dissociation Kit for RNA Profiling
(130-134-089)
Dissociation of human fresh, cryopreserved and FFPE lung
adenocarcinoma samples into single cells for comparative
snRNA sequencing analysis
Trinks, A. et al. (2024) Robust detection of clinically relevant
features in single-cell RNA profiles of patient-matched fresh
and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) lung cancer
tissue. Cell Oncol. 47: 1221–1231.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13402-024-00922-0
Dissociation of FFPE human brain sample into single cells
for protein extraction
Kim, A. et al. (2023). Disease-specific α-synuclein seeding in
Lewy body disease and multiple system atrophy are preserved
in formaldehyde-fixed paraffin-embedded human brain.
Biomolecules. 13: 936.
https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13060936
Dissociation of human ductal carcinoma in situ FFPE
tissue into single cells for scRNA sequencing
Lips, E. H. et al. (2022) Genomic analysis defines clonal
relationships of ductal carcinoma in situ and recurrent invasive
breast cancer. Nat. Genet. 54: 850–860.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-022-01082-3
Dissociation of human breast cancer FFPE section into
single cells for scFFPE sequencing
Janesick, A. et al. (2023) High resolution mapping of the tumor
microenvironment using integrated single-cell, spatial and
in situ analysis. Nat. Commun. 14: 8353.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-43458-x
Dissociation of breast xenograft FFPE tissue into single
cells for flow cytometry
Zhang, S. et al. (2022) GIT1 protects against breast cancer
growth through negative regulation of Notch.
Nat. Commun. 13: 1537.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28631-y
Other tissues
We provide a variety of protocols using the Multi Tissue
Dissociation Kits 1–3 to effectively dissociate organs and
tissues, including kidney, prostate, mouse embryo, and
cell monolayers, etc.
Multi Tissue Dissociation Kit 1 (130-110-201)
Multi Tissue Dissociation Kit 2 (130-110-203)
Multi Tissue Dissociation Kit 3 (130-110-204)
Dissociation of murine skin into single cells to analyze
myeloid populations by flow cytometry
Tanaka, T. et al. (2023) Dermal macrophages set pain sensitivity
by modulating the amount of tissue NGF through an SNX25-
Nrf2 pathway. Nat. Immunol. 24: 439–451.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-022-01418-5
Dissociation of lizard tail into single cells to isolate
fibroblast and scRNA sequencing
Vonk, A. C. et al. (2023) Single-cell analysis of lizard blastema
fibroblasts reveals phagocyte-dependent activation of Hedgehog-responsive chondrogenesis. Nat. Commun. 14: 4489.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-40206-z
Dissociation of murine skin into single cells to characterize
immune cells by flow cytometry
Zamora, A. et al. (2024) 15-Lipoxygenase promotes resolution
of inflammation in lymphedema by controlling Treg cell function
through IFN-β. Nat. Commun. 15: 221.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-43554-y
Dissociation of murine pancreatic tissue into single cells
for flow cytometry
Glaubitz, J. et al. (2022) In mouse chronic pancreatitis
CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells control pancreatic fibrosis
by suppression of the type 2 immune response.
Nat. Commun. 13: 4502.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32195-2
9
Dissociation of adult rat and mice hearts to isolate
macrophages for flow cytometry
Li, L. et al. (2023) M2 macrophage-derived sEV regulate
pro-inflammatory CCR2+ macrophage subpopulations to
favor post-AMI cardiac repair. Adv. Sci. 10: e2202964.
https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202202964
Dissociation of polyomavirus middle T oncogene tumor
into single cells for epigenetic-focused CyTOF (EpiTOF)
Aylon, Y. et al. (2022) Breast cancer plasticity is restricted by a
LATS1-NCOR1 repressive axis. [published correction:
Nat. Commun. 2023; 14: 133. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-35838-0].
Nat. Commun. 13: 7199.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-34863-9
Dissociation of humanized mouse model kidney into
single cells for flow cytometry
Doglio, M. et al. (2024) Regulatory T cells expressing CD19-
targeted chimeric antigen receptor restore homeostasis in
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Nat. Commun. 15: 2542.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-46448-9
Dissociation of murine embryo kidneys into single cells
for scRNA sequencing
Song, L. et al. (2024) Single-cell multiomics reveals ENL
mutation perturbs kidney developmental trajectory by
rewiring gene regulatory landscape. Nat. Commun. 15: 5937.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50171-w
Dissociation of induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived
cardiomyocytes into single cells to isolate and culture
cardiomyocytes
Bettini, A. et al.(2024) Injectable biodegradable microcarriers
for iPSC expansion and cardiomyocyte differentiation.
Adv. Sci. 11: e2404355.
https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202404355
Dissociation of fresh murine kidney into single cells for
scRNA sequencing
Chu, L. K. et al. (2023) Autophagy of OTUD5 destabilizes
GPX4 to confer ferroptosis-dependent kidney injury.
Nat. Commun. 14: 8393.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44228-5
Dissociation of fresh murine kidney to prepare renal
single cell suspension for scRNA sequencing
Liu, J. et al. (2024) Single-cell spatial transcriptomics unveils
platelet-fueled cycling macrophages for kidney fibrosis.
Adv. Sci. 11: e2308505.
https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202308505
Dissociation of murine embryo soft palatal tissue into
single cells for cell culture and qPCR analysis
Feng, J. et al. (2022) TGF-β signaling and Creb5 cooperatively
regulate Fgf18 to control pharyngeal muscle development.
Elife 11: e80405.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.80405
Extraction of nuclei
Nuclei Extraction Buffer (130-128-024)
Dissociation of fresh murine liver to extract and
isolate intact nuclei for liquid chromatography–mass
spectrometry (LC–MS) analysis
Lim, L. Q. J. et al. (2024) ASS1 metabolically contributes to the
nuclear and cytosolic p53-mediated DNA damage response
[published correction in Nat. Metab. 2024;6: 1417.
doi: 10.1038/s42255-024-01090-z]. Nat. Metab. 6: 1294–1309.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-024-01060-5
Dissociation of murine frozen brain to obtain single
nuclei suspension for sequencing
Bormann, D. et al. (2024) Single-nucleus RNA sequencing
reveals glial cell type-specific responses to ischemic stroke
in male rodents. Nat. Commun. 15: 6232.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50465-z
Dissociation of murine brain to obtain intact nuclei for
single-nuclei RNA sequencing
Schartz, N. D. et al. (2024) C5aR1 antagonism suppresses
inflammatory glial responses and alters cellular signaling in
an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Nat. Commun. 15: 7028.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-51163-6
Dissociation of monkey spinal cord to obtain intact
nuclei for DNA isolation and sequencing
Hanlon, K. S. et al. (2024) In vivo selection in non-human
primates identifies AAV capsids for on-target CSF delivery
to spinal cord. Mol. Ther. 32: 2584–2603.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.05.040
Dissociation of murine brain to obtain single cells and
intact nuclei suspension
Ocañas, S. R. et al. (2023) Microglial senescence contributes
to female-biased neuroinflammation in the aging mouse
hippocampus: implications for Alzheimer's disease. J.
Neuroinflammation. 20: 188.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-023-02870-2
Extraction of mitochondria
Mitochondria Extraction Kit – Tissue (130-097-340)
Homogenization of murine olfactory bulb to extract
mitochondria for mitochondria immunoprecipitation
and western blot
Puighermanal, E. et al. (2024) Cannabidiol ameliorates
mitochondrial disease via PPARγ activation in preclinical
models. Nat. Commun. 15: 7730.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-51884-8
Homogenization of murine heart to extract mitochondria
Zhang, X. et al. (2022) Overexpression of cytosolic long
noncoding RNA cytb protects against pressure-overloadinduced heart failure via sponging microRNA-103-3p.
Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids 27: 1127–1145.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omtn.2022.02.002
Homogenization of several murine tissues to extract
mitochondria
Bomba-Warczak, E. et al. (2021) Long-lived mitochondrial
cristae proteins in mouse heart and brain. J. Cell Biol.
220: e202005193.
https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202005193
Homogenization of rat brain to extract mitochondria
Chen, M. et al. (2022) Baicalein induces mitochondrial
autophagy to prevent Parkinson's disease in rats via miR-30b
and the SIRT1/AMPK/mTOR pathway. Front. Neurol. 12: 646817.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.646817
10
Tissue homogenization
Isolation of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA)
Homogenization of frozen human tumor to isolate protein
and RNA
Xu, Z. et al. (2022) Structural variants drive context-dependent
oncogene activation in cancer. Nature. 612: 564–572.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05504-4
Homogenization of frozen murine lung to extract DNA
Baldwin, L. A. et al. (2022) DNA barcoding reveals ongoing
immunoediting of clonal cancer populations during
metastatic progression and immunotherapy response.
Nat. Commun. 13: 6539.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-34041-x
Homogenization of murine liver tissue to isolate RNA for
in vitro massively parallel reporter assay
Bravo González-Blas, C. et al. (2024) Single-cell spatial
multi-omics and deep learning dissect enhancer-driven gene
regulatory networks in liver zonation. Nat. Cell Biol. 26: 153–167.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41556-023-01316-4
Homogenization of human ovarian carcinoma tissue to
isolate RNA for small RNA sequencing
Yokoi, A. et al. (2023) Spatial exosome analysis using cellulose
nanofiber sheets reveals the location heterogeneity of
extracellular vesicles. Nat. Commun. 14: 6915.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-42593-9
Homogenization of murine inguinal lymph nodes to
isolate RNA for qRT-PCR
Carson, C. S. et al. (2022) A nanovaccine for enhancing cellular
immunity via cytosolic co-delivery of antigen and polyIC RNA.
J. Control Release. 345: 354–370.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.03.020
Extraction of proteins
Homogenization of snap-frozen mouse xenograft
tumors and skeletal muscle to isolate protein for
immunoprecipitation
Dibble, C. C. et al. (2022) PI3K drives the de novo synthesis
of coenzyme A from vitamin B5. Nature 608: 192–198.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04984-8
Homogenization of murine lymph nodes to isolate
protein for protein quantification
Ince, L. M. et al. (2023) Influence of circadian clocks on adaptive
immunity and vaccination responses. Nat. Commun. 14: 476.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-35979-2
Homogenization of frozen brain tumor sample to isolate
protein for genome-wide chromosome conformation
capture (Hi-C)
Okonechnikov, K. et al. (2023) 3D genome mapping identifies
subgroup-specific chromosome conformations and tumordependency genes in ependymoma. Nat. Commun. 14: 2300.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-38044-0
Homogenization of murine joint-footpads to isolate
protein for multiplex immunoassay
Lum, F. M. et al. (2024) Crosstalk between CD64+MHCII+
macrophages and CD4+ T cells drives joint pathology
during chikungunya. EMBO Mol. Med. 16: 641–663.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s44321-024-00028-y
Homogenization of murine brain to isolate protein for
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Ho, Y. J. et al. (2023) Oxygen-loaded microbubble-mediated
sonoperfusion and oxygenation for neuroprotection after
ischemic stroke reperfusion. Biomater. Res. 27: 65.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40824-023-00400-y
Determination of bacterial or viral load
Homogenization of xenograft brain tumor sample to
quantify infectious virus
Chen, X. et al. (2023) IDH1 mutation impairs antiviral response
and potentiates oncolytic virotherapy in glioma.
Nat. Commun. 14: 6781.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-42545-3
Homogenization of murine lung sample to determine virus
titration using plaque assay
Myeni, S. K. et al. (2023) Engineering potent live attenuated
coronavirus vaccines by targeted inactivation of the immune
evasive viral deubiquitinase. Nat. Commun. 14: 1141.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36754-z
Homogenization of murine lung and brain to quantify viral
RNA by RT-qPCR
Krishna, V. D. et al. (2024) Impact of age and sex on
neuroinflammation following SARS-CoV-2 infection in a murine
model. Front. Microbiol. 15: 1404312.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1404312
Homogenization of murine liver to determine the quantity
of bacterial colony forming units (CFUs)
Zindl, C. L. et al. (2024) Distal colonocytes targeted by
C. rodentium recruit T-cell help for barrier defence.
Nature. 629: 669–678.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07288-1
Homogenization of piglet gut to determine bacterial load
Fernández Álvaro, E. et al. (2022) The repurposing of Tebipenem
pivoxil as alternative therapy for severe gastrointestinal
infections caused by extensively drug-resistant Shigella spp
[published correction in Elife. 2022; 11: e83117.
doi: 10.7554/eLife.83117]. Elife 11: e69798.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.69798
Homogenization of murine lung to determine the quantity
of bacterial CFUs
Tuz, A. A. et al. (2024) Stroke and myocardial infarction induce
neutrophil extracellular trap release disrupting lymphoid organ
structure and immunoglobulin secretion.
Nat. Cardiovasc. Res. 3: 525–540.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s44161-024-00462-8
Homogenization of murine lung to determine the quantity
of bacterial CFUs
Sandri, A. et al. (2023) In vivo inflammation caused by
Achromobacter spp. cystic fibrosis clinical isolates exhibiting
different pathogenic characteristics. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 24: 7432.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24087432
Notes
130-137-360
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